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Tuesday, 18 September 2007 |
Rense
By Hildegarde Staninger, PhD, RIET-1
Presented at the
National Registry of Environmental Professionals
2007 Annual Conference, September 6, 2007, San Antonio, Texas
http://www.nrep.org
Abstract
There is an environmental disease on the horizon that will affect more humans and the environment than any one person will know. Its environmental impact will be far greater than DDT, PCBs and asbestos have ever been. It is called Morgellon's: A Nano-911 Foreign Invader. It has many names fiber disease, mystery disease, delusional parasitosis and unknown dermatological skin disorder, to name a few. It is silent, smart, glistening powered by its own transitional metal battery. And when it strikes its victim it feels like a piece of burning broken glass as it pierces the skin. Smaller than any of the 150 pieces of a virus (known as virons), it is invisible to the naked eye. So silent is it, only the one who has been invaded knows its true nature. Marked with the seal of man-made, self-assembling nano-size materials they can be used in forming drugs, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, biomaterials, artificial nerves, artificial brains, pseudo skin and molecular electronics. Yes, it was patterned after nature's many wonders, but it is still one hundred percent man-made. The nano-brew has been let loose from its scientific flask casting its woes upon an unsuspecting innocence.
Introduction to Chemical Foreign Invaders
Plants, humans and other animals are constantly exposed in their environment to a vast array of chemicals that are foreign to their bodies. These foreign chemicals, or xenobiotics, can be of natural origin or they can be man-made. In general, the more lipophilic (fat loving) compounds are readily absorbed through the skin, across the lungs, or through the gastrointestinal tract. Constant or even intermittent exposure to these lipophilic chemicals could result in their accumulation within the organism, unless effective means of elimination are present. Indeed, chemicals can be excreted unchanged into urine, bile, feces, expired air, and perspiration. Except for exhalation, the ease with which compounds are eliminated from the body largely depends on their water solubility. This is particularly true for non-volatile chemicals that are eliminated in urine and feces, the predominant routes of elimination. Lipophilic compounds that are present in these excretory fluids tend to diffuse into cellular membranes and are reabsorbed, whereas water soluble compounds are excreted. Therefore, it is apparent why lipophilic xenobiotics could accumulate within the body; They are readily absorbed but poorly excreted.1
Fortunately, animal organisms have developed a number of biochemical processes that convert lipophilic compounds to more hydrophilic metabolites. These biochemical processes are termed biotransformation and are usually enzymatic in nature. It should be stressed that biotransformation is the sum of the processes by which a foreign invader such as a chemical is subjected to chemical change by living organisms (Figure 1 1). This definition implies that a particular chemical may undergo a number of chemical changes. It may mean that the parent molecule is chemically modified at a number of positions or that a particular metabolite of the parent compound may undergo additional modification. The end result of the biotransformation reaction(s) is that the metabolites are chemically distinct from the parent compound. Metabolites are usually more hydrophilic than the parent compound. This enhanced water solubility reduces the ability of the metabolite to partition into biologic membranes and thus restricts the distribution of the metabolites to the various tissues, decreases the renal metabolite(s), and ultimately promotes the excretion of the chemical by the urinary and biliary fecal routes.
Morgellons is a disease that affects humans and animals with a minimum of 93 or more symptoms. Humans experience different colored fibers growing out of their skin with the presence of lesions that ooze a gel like material or may have the feeling of hot burning glass ripping through the underside of their skin as a needle. Toxicological Pathology evaluations of specimens taken from a patient who was diagnosed with this disease and was having a knee replacement operation revealed that the specimen contained silica and silicone.2 Further analysis of these specimens using Micro Raman technology revealed that the fibers that grew out of this same patient were composed of a two part polyester, like a plastic straw within a straw with a head that was made up of silicone (Figure 1 -2 & 1-3). Polyester is a definite man-made material. It is "nylon" by another name. Nylon is a compound that is a lipophatic compound, just as silicone. In addition, high density polyethylene fibers were found in a different patient's heel of their foot. (Figure 1-4). The difference in these compounds and ones that are man-made in a chemical factory are that they have a size, which is measured at a "NANO" level.
Nano is nine decimals below the zero or 0.000,000,001.3 It is smaller than the width of a human hair. How can something so small be so harmful to humans?
Well this is were size counts Big Time. The nano material, which has many forms such as smart dust, nano gels, quantum dots, nano tube, nano wire, nano bots, nano horns are all part of the growing field of nanotechnology. If something is so small that it does not stimulate the immune system to react to its foreign invasion of the cell new cellular toxicological reactions will occur. Collectively these materials were found in specimens taken from the same patient who had the knee replacement operation. The individual had blue fibers that would not burn at 1,400 degrees F and harden gels that made lesions. The callus-like scab had cat-like claws on its underside. These specimens went through Toxicological Pathology and it is true, a picture says a thousand words (Figure 1-5).
No matter what the biological agent, chemical or foreign invader, the body is geared up to protect itself and remove the toxic material. The body is not ready for a nano foreign invader because one can not see it at any level. Normally the body would go through biotransformation and remove this toxic material from the body through biotransformation, but not in the case of Moregellons, which seems to have a mind of its own as it riddles the body with its fibers and continuous self- replication.
Normal Compounds vs Moregellons through Biotransformation
A number of enzymes in animal organisms are capable of biotransforming lipid-soluble xenobiotics in such a way as to render them more water soluble. These enzymatic reactions are of two types; phase I reactions, which involve oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis, and phase II reactions, which consist of conjugation or synthetic reactions. Although phase I reactions generally convert foreign compounds to derivatives that are more water soluble than the parent molecule, a prime function of these reactions is to add or expose functional groups (e.g.,
- OH, - SH, _NH2, - COOH). These functional groups then permit the compound to undergo phase II reactions. Phase II reactions are biosynthetic reactions where the foreign compounds or a phase I derived metabolite is covalently linked to an endogenous molecule, producing a conjugate. In these cases, the endogenous moieties (e.g. glucuronic acid, sulfate) usually confer upon the lipophilic xenobiotic or its metabolite increased water solubility and the ability to undergo significant ionization at physiologic pH. These conjugated moieties are normally added to endogenous products to promote their secretion or transfer across hepatic, renal, and intestinal membranes. The transport mechanisms that have developed recognize the conjugating moiety. Thus, the excretion of conjugated xenobiotics is enhanced by their ability to participate in transport systems that have evolved from the conjugated products of endogenous molecules.4
The relationship between phase I and phase II reactions is summarized in Figure 4-1. The fate of a particular chemical is determined by its physical/chemical products. Volatile organic compounds may be eliminated via the lungs with no biotransformation. Those with functional groups may be conjugated directly, whereas others undergo phase I reactions before conjugation. As implied, biotransformation is often integrated and can be complex. Because of this complexity, imbalances between phase I and phase II reactions or dose-related shifts in metabolic routes are often causes of chemical-induced tissue injury.5
Organ and Cellular Location of Biotransformation
The enzymes or enzyme systems that catalyze the biotransformation of foreign compounds are localized mainly in the liver. This is not surprising, since a primary function of the liver is to receive and process chemicals absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract before they are distributed to other tissues. Liver receives all the blood that has perfused the splanchnic area, which contains nutrients and other foreign substances. Because of this, the liver has developed the capacity to extract these substances readily from the blood and to modify chemically many of these substances before they are stored, secreted into bile, or released into the general circulation. Other tissues can also biotransform foreign compounds. Nearly every tissue tested has shown activity toward some foreign chemicals (Figure 1-6). Extrahepatic tissues are limited with respect to the diversity of chemicals they can handle, and thus their contribution to the overall biotransformation of xenobiotics is limited. However, biotransformation of a chemical within an extrahepatic tissue may have an important toxicological implication for that particular tissue.6
Subcellular Localization of Biotransformation Enzymes
Biotransformation of foreign compounds within the liver is accomplished by several remarkable enzyme systems. These can chemically modify a wide variety of structurally diverse drugs and toxicants that enter the body through ingestion, inhalation, the skin, or injection. The phase I enzymes, those that add or expose functional groups, are located primarily in the endoplasmic reticulum, a network of interconnected channels present in the cytoplasm of most cells. These enzymes are membrane bound, since the endoplasmic reticulum is basically a contiguous membrane composed of lipids and proteins. The presence of enzymes within a lipoprotein matrix is critical, since lipophilic substances will preferentially partition into a lipid membrane, the site of biotransformation. 7
When liver is removed (in the laboratory) and homogenized, the tubular endoplasmic reticulum breaks up and fragments of the membrane are sealed off to form micro vesicles. These are referred to as microsomes, which can be isolated by differential centrifugation of the liver homogenate. If the supernatant fraction that results from centrifugation of the homogenate at 9000 x g (to remove nuclei, mitochondria, and lysosomes as well as unbroken cells and large membrane fragments) is subjected to centrifugation at 105,00 x g, a pellet highly enriched in microsomes is obtained. The resulting supernatant fraction, which contains a number of soluble enzymes, is referred to as the cytosol. This cytosol contains many of the enzymes of phase II biotransformation. Many of the important biotransformation enzymes are referred to as cytosolic or microsomal to indicate the subcellular location of the enzymes.
The microsomal enzymes that catalyze the phase I reactions were characterized primarily by their ability to metabolize drugs. Thus, much of the literature refers to these enzymes as the microsomal, as the microsomal enzymes will convert drugs to more polar products, but they also act on the numerous chemicals. Therefore, the word biotransformation is preferred to drug metabolism, since it conveys the more universal nature of the reactions. In addition, if delineates the normal process of metabolism of endogenous nutrients form the biotransformation of foreign chemicals.7
Detoxication Toxication
Inasmuch as both phase I and phase II enzymes convert foreign chemicals to forms that can be more readily excreted, they are often referred to as detoxication enzymes. However, it should be emphasized that biotransformation is not strictly related to detoxicaiton. In a number of cases, the metabolic products are more toxic than than the parent compounds. This is particularly true for some chemical carcinogens, organo-phosphates, and a number of compounds that cause cell necrosis in the lung, liver, and kidney. In many instances, a toxic metabolite can be isolated and identified. In other cases, highly reactive intermediates are formed during the biotransformation of a chemical. The term toxication or bioactivation is often used to indicate the enzymatic formation of reactive intermediates. These reactive intermediates are thought to initiate the events that ultimately result in cell death, chemically induced cancer, teratogenesis and a number of other toxicities (Figure 1-7).
Moregellon affected individuals have the opposite reactions of phase I and II, because they experience specific physical parameters such as low body temperature, high blood pressure, urine conductivity high (20 -21), gels, fibers and fluorescents on the body as nano tattoo fluorescent shapes. All tell a tale of being injected with a burning glass needle through their skin as they suffer from severe itching.
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Last Updated ( Friday, 21 September 2007 )
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Thursday, 06 September 2007 |
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Infectious Disease Newsletter 2007
By Garth L. Nicolson  |
Patients with neurodegenerative and behavioral disorders often have systematic bacterial, viral and/or fungal infections that may play important roles in their pathogenesis. We and others have examined patients with various neurodegenerative and behavioral neurological conditions, such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Autistic Spectrum Disorders (Autism,Attention Deficit Disorder, Asperger Syndrome), and found evidence for systemic intracellular bacterial and viral infections in a majority of patients.For example, examination of blood leukocytes for evidence of Mycoplasma spp., Chlamydia pneumoniae, Borrelia burgdorferi and other infections by polymerase chain reaction revealed high incidences of systemic co-infections that were not found in control subjects (P<0.001). The results were compared to other chronic illnesses where neurological manifestation are often found, such as Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephlomyopathy (CFS/ME), Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS), Lyme Disease and Gulf War Illnesses. Most of these chronic illness patients also had multiple intracellular bacterial infections compared to control subjects (P<0.001), and the most common co-infection found was Mycoplasma species in all of the conditions examined. In contrast, in the few control subjects that tested positive, only single infections were found. The results suggest chronis intacellular bacterial infections are common features of neurodegenerative and behavioral disorders, and treatment regimens should address the multiple infections present in these conditions. Click here for full article...
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